Novel 1,2,4-triazole derivatives: Synthesis, structural characterization, antidiabetic, anticholinergic and phase II detoxification activities, cytotoxic evaluation, and molecular docking studies

Abstract

Substituted 1,2,4-triazole derivatives are scientifically important molecules due to their potent biological activities and broad pharmacological application potential. For this purpose, the substituted 1,2,4-triazole-based phenyl naphthalene-2-sulfonates were synthesized, and the structures of the compounds were characterized using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis methods. The biological activities of the 1,2,4-triazole-based naphthalene-2-sulfonates were evaluated for both enzyme inhibition and anticancer effects. The enzymeinhibitory effects of the 1,2,4-triazole-based naphthalene-2-sulfonates were evaluated against alpha-glucosidase (alpha-Gly), alpha-amylase (alpha-Amy), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Their IC50 values were found in the range of 1.093+0.450 & micro;M - 3.310+0.689 & micro;M for alpha-Gly, 1.741+1.223 & micro;M - 2.595+0.901 & micro;M for alpha-Amy, 1.246+0.370 & micro;M - 2.585+0.320 & micro;M for AChE, and 1.432+0.057 & micro;M - 2.707+0.164 & micro;M for GST. The cytotoxic effects on HepG2 and U87 cells were evaluated at 24 and 48 h of incubation in the concentration range of 1.583-200 & micro;M. Molecular docking studies have determined the binding energies of 1,2,4-triazole-based naphthalene-2-sulfonates to related proteins and detailed the interaction mechanisms.