AFGANISTAN: ABD MÜDAHALESI VE TALIBAN'IN DÖNÜSÜ

Abstract

Afganistan tarih boyunca büyük güçlerin hakimiyet kurmak istedigi bir ülke olmustur. Son 200 yillik dönemde ise bu Asya ülkesi basta Ingiltere ile Rusya arasinda yasanan ve “Büyük Oyun” (Great Game) ismi verilen mücadelede, ardindan da ABD ile Sovyetler Birligi arasindaki Soguk Savas döneminde önemli bir rekabet alani olmustur. Kendine özgü sosyal yapisi, dinî kimligin baskin etkisi, güçlü kabilecilik baglari ve çetin cografyasi nedeniyle ülkede egemenlik kurmaya çalisan büyük güçler genellikle basarisizliga mahkum olmuslardir. Afganistan’in Kandahar vilayetinde 1994 yilinda kuruldugundan günümüze ülkenin en etkili siyasi-dinî hareketi olan Afganistan Islâm Emirligi (Taliban) son 25 yildir varoligini hedef alan tüm uluslararasi tutum ve girisimlere ragmen ülkede etkinligini her dönem artirmis, 20 yil süren ve dünyanin en güçlü ordularinin müdahil oldugu yipratici bir savasin ardindan da yeniden iktidara gelmeyi basarmistir. Taliban’i ortaya çikaran nedenler, birinci Afganistan Islâm Emirligi idaresi döneminde uluslararasi toplumun politikasi ve savas döneminde yasanan gelismeler, Afganistan’in demografik durumu ve Taliban’in ülke içindeki hasimlarinin tutumu toplu olarak incelendiginde gelinen süreçte isgalin basarisizliginin ardinda yatan nedenler daha net anlasilacaktir. Bu çalismada Taliban’in kurulusu, ABD’nin ülkeye müdahale edisi ve 20 yillik savasin dönüm noktalarinin ardindan ülkede yeniden Taliban’in iktidara gelis süreçleri incelenecek, savasin basarisizliga ugramasina neden olan ABD politikalarina yer verilecektir.

Afghanistan has always been a country where great powers wanted to dominate. In the last 200 years, this Asian country has been an important area of competition, especially in the struggle between Great Britain and Russia, called the “Great Game”, and then during the Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union. Due to its unique social structure, the dominant influence of religious identity, strong tribal ties, and tough geography, the great powers that tried to dominate the country were generally doomed to failure. Since its establishment in Afghanistan’s Kandehar province in 1994, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban), the country’s most influential political-religious movement, has increased its effectiveness in the country in spite of all international attitudes and initiatives targeting its pure existence for the last 25 years. Taliban succeeded to regain power after a devastating war that lasted for 20 years and in which the world’s most powerful armies were involved. When the motivations and causes that created the Taliban, the international community’s policy during the administration of the first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, developments during the war, Afghanistan’s demographic situation, and the attitudes of the Taliban’s enemies in the country are examined collectively, the reasons behind the failure of the invasion will be understood more clearly. In this study, the establishment of the Taliban, the USA’s intervention of the country and the process of the Taliban’s reemergence after 20-year long war will be examined, and the US policies that led to the failure of the war will be explained.