The Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Freshwater Resources and the Protective Role of Meadow and Pasture Ecosystems

Abstract

Globally, freshwater resources are severely constrained in both quantity and quality, and are increasingly threatened by atmospheric pollutants resulting from anthropogenic activities such as industrialization, urbanization, and intensive agriculture. Atmospheric emissions of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, etc.), nitrogenous compounds (e.g., NOₓ, NH₃), gaseous pollutants (SO₂, NO₂, O₃, CO) and particulate matter (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, UFP0.1) are deposited into aquatic systems via dry and wet deposition pathways, thereby altering the physicochemical composition of freshwater bodies and compromising the continuity of essential ecosystem services. Notably, processes such as acid deposition, heavy metal accumulation, and eutrophication contribute to biodiversity loss in surface waters, the extinction of sensitive species, and a decline in overall water quality. These effects not only disrupt ecological integrity but also pose substantial risks to public health and economic sustainability. This study comprehensively examines the incorporation of atmospheric pollutants into hydrological systems through deposition mechanisms and reviews their impacts on the structural and functional integrity of freshwater ecosystems. Furthermore, the ecological functions of natural vegetation—particularly meadow and pasture ecosystems—as biological buffers and filters are critically evaluated. These systems mitigate pollutant transport and soil erosion through dense root networks, high vegetative cover, and biochemical interactions. Natural attenuation processes such as phytoremediation enable the uptake, transformation, or sequestration of atmospheric contaminants, highlighting the strategic hydrological and ecological value of such ecosystems. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating nature-based solutions into land and water management frameworks to ensure long-term environmental sustainability. In conclusion, meadow and pasture ecosystems serve not only agricultural functions but also play a pivotal role in the conservation of freshwater resources and environmental resilience. Protecting and managing these natural filtration systems is imperative for mitigating the adverse impacts of atmospheric pollution and for advancing sustainable resource governance.