Academic Trends in Adapted Physical Education, Sports, and Physical Activity for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities: Bibliometric Analysis (1993-2025 Years)

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine global research trends, main topics, and the general scope of studies on adapted physical education, sports, and physical activity for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Synonyms related to key terms have been standardized using search operators. A comprehensive search was conducted in the Web of Science database on October 30, 2025, yielding 2,999 records. Only English-language, full-text, original research articles were included, resulting in 255 studies. This study utilized a bibliometric research design and adhered to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The 255 studies published in 35 journals between 1993 and 2025 showed steady growth in scientific output. Publication numbers peaked in 2022, while citations reached their highest level in 2024. The Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities had the most publications, while Research in Developmental Disabilities was the most cited journal. Erasmus MC was identified as the most productive institution, and Spain was the leading country in terms of publication frequency. Furthermore, 92.7% of authors contributed to only one article, indicating limited long-term participation. Frequently used keywords included children, exercise, adults, Down syndrome, health, participation, and disabilities. Motor themes represented key research focuses, including intellectual disability, obesity, older adults, validity, childhood, and being overweight. Despite growing interest, significant gaps remain, highlighting the need for comprehensive policies and thorough evaluations. Overall, the findings provide a useful reference to guide future research and support continuous progress in adapted physical activity and education for individuals with intellectual disabilities. These insights highlight important priorities for future interdisciplinary collaborative work.